PHP programming has climbed rapidly since its humble beginnings
in 1995. Since then, PHP has become the most popular programming
language for Web applications. Many popular websites are powered by PHP,
and an overwhelming majority of scripts and Web projects are built with
the popular language.
Because of PHP’s huge popularity, it has become almost impossible for
Web developers not to have at least a working knowledge of PHP Training in Jaipur . This
tutorial is aimed at people who are just past the beginning stages of
learning PHP and are ready to roll up their sleeves and get their hands
dirty with the language. Listed below are 10 excellent techniques that
PHP developers should learn and use every time they program. These tips
will speed up proficiency and make the code much more responsive,
cleaner and more optimized for performance.
1. Use an SQL Injection Cheat Sheet
A list of common SQL injections.
SQL injection
is a nasty thing. An SQL injection is a security exploit that allows a
hacker to dive into your database using a vulnerability in your code.
While this article isn’t about MySQL, many PHP programs use MySQL
databases with PHP, so knowing what to avoid is handy if you want to
write secure code.
Furruh Mavituna has a very nifty SQL injection cheat sheet
that has a section on vulnerabilities with PHP and MySQL. If you can
avoid the practices the cheat sheet identifies, your code will be much
less prone to scripting attacks.
2. Know the Difference Between Comparison Operators
PHP’s list of comparison operators.
Comparison operators are a huge part of PHP, and some programmers may not be as well-versed in their differences as they ought. In fact, an article at I/O reader states that many PHP developers can’t tell the differences right away between comparison operators. Tsk tsk.
These are extremely useful and most PHPers can’t tell the difference between == and ===. Essentially, == looks for equality, and by that PHP will generally try to coerce data into similar formats, eg: 1 == ‘1′ (true), whereas === looks for identity: 1 === ‘1′ (false). The usefulness of these operators should be immediately recognized for common functions such as strpos(). Since zero in PHP is analogous to FALSE it means that without this operator there would be no way to tell from the result of strpos() if something is at the beginning of a string or if strpos() failed to find anything. Obviously this has many applications elsewhere where returning zero is not equivalent to FALSE.
Just to be clear, == looks for equality, and === looks for identity. You can see a list of the comparison operators on the PHP.net website.
3. Shortcut the else
It should be noted that tips 3 and 4 both might make the code
slightly less readable. The emphasis for these tips is on speed and
performance. If you’d rather not sacrifice readability, then you might
want to skip them.
Anything that can be done to make the code simpler and smaller is
usually a good practice. One such tip is to take the middleman out of else statements, so to speak. Christian Montoya has an excellent example of conserving characters with shorter else statements.
Usual else statement:
if( this condition )
{
$x = 5;
}
else
{
$x = 10;
}
If the $x is going to be 10 by default, just start with 10. No need to bother typing the else at all.
$x = 10;
if( this condition )
{
$x = 5;
}
While it may not seem like a huge difference in the space saved in
the code, if there are a lot of else statements in your programming, it
will definitely add up.
4. Drop those Brackets
Dropping brackets saves space and time in your code.
Much like using shortcuts when writing else functions, you can also
save some characters in the code by dropping the brackets in a single
expression following a control structure. Evolt.org has a handy example showcasing a bracket-less structure.
if ($gollum == 'halfling') {
$height --;
}
This is the same as:
if ($gollum == 'halfling') $height --;
You can even use multiple instances:
if ($gollum == 'halfling') $height --;
else $height ++;
if ($frodo != 'dead')
echo 'Gosh darnit, roll again Sauron';
foreach ($kill as $count)
echo 'Legolas strikes again, that makes' . $count . 'for me!';5. Favour str_replace() over ereg_replace() and preg_replace()
Speed tests show that str_replace() is 61% faster.
In terms of efficiency, str_replace()
is much more efficient than regular expressions at replacing strings.
In fact, according to Making the Web, str_replace() is 61% more
efficient than regular expressions like ereg_replace() and preg_replace().
If you’re using regular expressions, then ereg_replace() and preg_replace() will be much faster than str_replace().
6. Use Ternary Operators
Instead of using an if/else statement altogether, consider using a ternary operator. PHP Value gives an excellent example of what a ternary operator looks like.
//PHP COde Example usage for: Ternary Operator
$todo = (empty($_POST[’todo’])) ? ‘default’ : $_POST[’todo’];
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if (empty($_POST[’todo’])) {
$action = ‘default’;
} else {
$action = $_POST[’todo’];
}
?>
The ternary operator frees up line space and makes your code less cluttered, making it easier to scan.
Take care not to use more than one ternary operator in a single
statement, as PHP doesn’t always know what to do in those situations.
7. Memcached
Memcached is an excellent database caching system to use with PHP.
While there are tons of caching options out there, Memcached keeps topping the list as the most efficient for database caching.
It’s not the easiest caching system to implement, but if you’re going
to build a website in PHP that uses a database, Memcached can certainly
speed it up. The caching structure for Memcached was first built for the
PHP-based blogging website LiveJournal.
PHP.net has an excellent tutorial on installing and using memcached with your PHP projects.
8. Use a Framework
CakePHP is one of the top PHP frameworks.
You may not be able to use a PHP framework for every project you create, but frameworks like CakePHP, Zend, Symfony and CodeIgniter can greatly decrease the time spent developing a website.
A Web framework is software that bundles with commonly needed
functionality that can help speed up development. Frameworks help
eliminate some of the overhead in developing Web applications and Web
services.
If you can use a framework to take care of the repetitive tasks in programming a website, you’ll develop at a much faster rate. The less you have to code, the less you’ll have to debug and test.
9. Use the Suppression Operator Correctly
The error suppression operator (or, in the PHP manual, the “error control operator“)
is the @ symbol. When placed in front of an expression in PHP, it
simply tells any errors that were generated from that expression to now
show up. This variable is quite handy if you’re not sure of a value and
don’t want the script to throw out errors when run.
However, programmers often use the error suppression operator incorrectly. The @ operator is rather slow and can be costly if you need to write code with performance in mind.
Michel Fortin has some excellent examples
on how to sidestep the @ operator with alternative methods. Here’s an
example of how he used isset to replace the error suppression operator:
if (isset($albus)) $albert = $albus;
else $albert = NULL;
is equivalent to:
$albert = @$albus;
But while this second form is good syntax, it runs about two times
slower. A better solution is to assign the variable by reference, which
will not trigger any notice, like this:
$albert =& $albus;
It’s important to note that these changes can have some accidental
side effects and should be used only in performance-critical areas and
places that aren’t going to be affected.
10. Use isset instead of strlen
Switching isset for strlen makes calls about five times faster.
If you’re going to be checking the length of a string, use isset instead of strlen. By using isset, your calls will be about five times quicker.
It should also be noted that by using isset, your call will still be
valid if the variable doesn’t exist. The D-talk has an example of how to
swap out isset for strlen:
